Basic Concepts of English Grammar

 

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1. Shrutika is cleaverer and more promising girl.

2. Sakshi is the happiest and most sentimental girl.

8 Noun : a name of

 Person: (shrutika, sakshi, uddhav),

place: (particular spot-home,school, temple, city, garden, contry,mountain, rivers)

Things: (pen, mobile, trees, birds, animals)

 ideas : (anger, fear, love, freedom, poverty, cleverness, liberty, happiness, affection, wisdom) is called noun.

Noun and Its Number

There are two knds of noun and its number:

Singular number : only one thing.

Plural number : two or more than two things are called plural.

1. to make plural usually add /attach only ‘s’

Pen-pens, girl-girls, car-cars,cow-cows etc…

2  a noun ends with  sh,ch,x,s & z – add ‘es’ to make plural.

Eg. dish-dishes, box-boxes, catch-catches, branch-branches, tax-taxes, gas-gasses, bush-bushes, watch- watches

3 . a noun ends with ‘y’ followed by vowel add only ‘s’ to make plural.

Eg. boy-boys, play-plays, monkey-monkeys.

4 . a noun ends with ‘y’ followed by consonant  add ‘ies’ to make plural.

Eg. story-stories, copy-copies, city-cities etc.

5 . a noun ends with ‘o’ add ‘es’ to make plural

Eg. mosquito- mosquitoes, hero-heroes, mango- mangoes,

Exception :  some foreign words and some abbreviations end with ‘0’ add ‘s’ to make plural

Eg. photo-photos, solo-solos, kimono-kimonos, dynamo-dynamos, momento-momentos, soprano-sopranos, kilo-kilos, piano-pianos,

6 . cargo- cargos/cargoes

Lasso- lassos/lassoes

Portico- porticos/porticoes

7. a noun ends with double vowels add only  ‘s’ to make plural

Eg. zoo-zoos, tree-trees, studio-studios, bee-bees, shoe-shoes, video-videos, portfolio-portfolios, polio-polios etc.

8. a noun ends with ‘f’ or ‘fe’ then remove (them‘f’ or ‘fe’) and add ‘ves’ to make plural.

Eg. leaf- leaves, wife-wives, wolf-wolves, life-lives, shelf-shelves, self-selves, calf-calves, thief-thieves etc…

Exception : brief-briefs, chief-chiefs, gulf-gulfs, staff-staffs, roof-roofs, handkerchief-handkerchiefs, proof-proofs, café-cafes, grief-griefs, hoof-hoofs,

 

By adding ‘en’ or ‘ren’

Gerund or Present Participle(verb).

b) Begging is a curse on humanity.                

(State whether the underlined word(noun/subject) is gerund or present participle(verb).)

Flowering plants. Barking dogs. Running nose. Drinking water,

eg. I have been explaining to you for two hours.